Lake Chad getting smaller
2007-03-23 16:22
Bol - For 40 years, people living along the shores of Lake Chad have watched helplessly as it vanished before their eyes.
Stark warnings, grand pledges of action and prayers have failed to make a difference - Africa's fourth largest lake has been drying up like snow melting in the sun since the 1960s, experts say.
"You see, last year the lake came to here," Isaac Bikhat, an official in the office of the Chadian environment minister said, anxiously drawing the river in the sand. "Today, it is five metres lower."
Lake Chad, which lies in hot and arid territory on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, shrunk from 25 000 square kilometres in 1964 to less than 2 000 square kilometres in 1990 - the sort of problem that will be in the spotlight on World Water Day on Thursday.
Designated by the UN general assembly, the day has been observed internationally every March 22 since 1993 to focus on problems surrounding this precious commodity. This year's theme is water scarcity, notably as global warming begins to bite.
For Lake Chad, climate change and increased human use of its waters for fishing and agriculture are blamed for the fall in the water level of what is the world's third largest totally landlocked lake.
However, older residents of Bol, a town 150km north of the capital N'Djamena, say the lake's rise and fall is a cyclical phenomenon which occurs every 40 years.
"Children of today don't believe us but, we, who have seen the two eras, are surprised," said Youssouf Bodoum Bani, the head of Bol's highest traditional regional authority.
'Cyclical phenomenon'
"Grandparents say to us that it's a cyclical phenomenon, every 40 years. The last rise in water level dates from the 1960s, at that time everything was under water. And since, the water has vanished little by little.
"We are awaiting the next rise but I admit that today I am sceptical."
Two years ago, the lake's fate, as well as the plight of fishermen and farmers whose livelihood depends on it prompted a summit of African leaders in Abuja.
Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo said at the time that the lake's problems and the consequences for the health and well-being of the local people had been phenomenal.
About 20 million people depend on the lake and its resources, according to Anada Tiega, a technical adviser to the Lake Chad Basin Commission, which also involves Chad's neighbours Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger and Central African Republic.
Ironically, the immense patches of greenery that break up the desert monotony around Bol by providing agricultural land to sustain the local population also contribute to the lake's reduction.
"They are polders," said local official Abderahim Adoum, of the zones cultivated by farmers on what was once sandy terrain, but is irrigated by the waters of Lake Chad via a dam and pumping system.
"I have only been able to have water for farming thanks to this polder. If it didn't exist, life would be really difficult," 42-year-old farmer Ali Boukar commented.
Local authorities insist that as well as providing people with the means to stay in the region, the permanent irrigation system allow farmers to reap two harvests a year.
Agricultural activities partly to blame
"With the lowering in the level of the lake, the state decided to do the irrigation to keep the populations in these areas and to give them something to live on.
"If these polders were not laid out, they (the people) would have to move to find farmable land," said Abakar Mahamat Khaila, technical director of Sodelac, a state company which develops the Chad Lake area.
But experts closely following the shrinking of the lake in this central African nation say the development of agricultural activities are also partly to blame.
"Farming is of course a factor in the lowering of the level of the lake," said Tiega.
Officials play down the impact of the irrigation. "We only take water for the needs of farming," said Abakar Mahamat Khaila. "These needs are markedly less than the effects of evaporation."
For Adoum, who has been navigating the lake for 17 years as a fisherman and boatman, the effect of the drop in water level is very clear to see. "With the fall of the water level, the grasses overrun everything. It's very difficult to pass."
"It's barely three metres wide. Two outboard motors cannot even pass each other," he said, just as two Nigerian dugout boats laden down with goods appear in front of him.
Despite exchanging signals, the vessels cannot avoid bumping each other.