Another deadly tsunami feared
2009-12-21 14:21
Sydney - A massive undersea earthquake is long overdue beneath the Mentawai islands in Indonesia and could trigger another deadly tsunami, say scientists mapping one of the world's most quake-prone zones.
Unlike the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed around 226 000 people, this tsunami is expected to be smaller but may be very deadly as it would hit Sumatra's densely populated coast.
"The size of the tsunami may not be as big, but the problem is the size of the population is about three times as great as Aceh," Kerry Sieh, director of the Singapore-based Earth Observatory, told Reuters.
A major quake measuring around 8.6 magnitude is expected beneath Siberut Island, along the Sunda megathrust, where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate butts up against the Eurasian plate - one of the world's most active fault lines.
Exactly when the big quake will strike is not known.
"We say most likely in the next few decades. Thirty seconds to 30 years, somewhere in there," said Sieh, who has studied geological records showing that for the past 700 years, major quakes have occurred along the Sunda megathrust every 200 years.
There have been three major quake cycles: the late 1300s, the 1600s, and between 1797 and 1833.
"The timing between those three sequences is about two centuries," said Sieh, adding a section of the megathrust under Siberut has not ruptured for 200 years, so it is due to slip and cause a major quake.
Superquake cycles
The Sunda megathrust extends from Myanmar in the north and sweeps in a southeast arc through Sumatra, Java and towards Timor.
The northern 1 600km section of the fault, from Myanmar to Aceh, ruptured in 2004 sending the deadly Boxing Bay tsunami out into the Indian Ocean.
"The Boxing Bay quake reset the (super earthquake) cycle for that segment of the fault," Mike Sandiford at the School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia, told Reuters.
"The fault slipped up to 20 metres and that is like several hundred years of plate convergence. It should take several hundred years, if not longer, to accumulate the stress in the system to rupture on that particular strand."
The Sunda megathrust is made up of three distinct sections.
In March 2005, a powerful quake hit the second section near Nias island, causing more than 11-metre deformations beneath the island.
In 2007, an 8.4 and a 7.8 earthquake hit the southern end of the third section, the "Mentawais Patch", but not the northern part of the "Mentawais Patch".
"Now we have another 300km that has not yet failed. It hasn't failed since 1797," Sieh said.
The 2009 Padang earthquake on September 30, while large has not relieved any pressure beneath the Mentawais, as it resulted not from a rupture of the megathrust, but was on a deeper fault.
"It may have potentially loaded that segment that has not ruptured for long time. It may have taken us closer to the big failure," said Sandiford.
"Because that (pressure) has not been released in the Padang region, we know the stress has been building and it must eventually be released. The sort of stress which ultimately led to the big rupture at the northern end of Sumatra on Boxing Day."
Quake scenarios
One reason the Sunda megathrust generates major quakes is because it has very long fault planes that can slip as one. But because it bends as it runs south through Indonesia, scientists believe big quakes are limited to each section of the megathrust.
Sandiford says a 30km fault could generate a maximum 7 magnitude quake, a 300km fault a maximum 8 magnitude, and a 1 000km fault a maximum 9. The 2004 quake was over a fault some 1 600km long.
"The Boxing Day earthquake was huge. We have only had three or four of those quakes in the last 100 years or so," he said.
Singapore's Sieh paints two scenarios for the next big quake. The first is an 8.6 quake on the northern section of the "Mentawais Patch".
"There is only one piece of data that tells us it last broke in 1797. If we are wrong, it may be that the last event was the 1680s. If that is the case, we could have a significantly greater uplift and significantly larger tsunami," he said.
Recent studies by Sieh suggest a second scenario, where another big quake could occur along the same section of the megathrust that caused the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami.
While the middle of this section ruptured up to 25 metres in 2004, the lower part only slipped 10 metres, leaving hundreds of years of stress still to be released. "We are wondering whether there could be another big earthquake down in the south end of the 2004 section, which could break sometime in the next few decades as well," Sieh said.
Sumatra
The Mentawais fault line runs under the sea and any major quake is expected to rupture the ocean floor causing a tsunami.
In 2004 the quake spread a tsunami across the Indian Ocean to India and Africa. A tsunami generated from a Mentawais quake would send a wave southwest out into the empty Indian Ocean.
But the wave would also hit Sumatra's densely populated coast between Padang and Bengkulu, although the Mentawais island chain would help dissipate the wave's energy before it hit shore.
Scientists say there is little data linking a major quake with Indonesia's super volcanoes, like Sumatra's Lake Toba, saying a volcano must be ready to erupt in the first place.
Toba erupted around 74 000 years ago in what is believed to be the largest volcanic eruption in the last 2 million years.
Some scientists suggest the mega eruption may have accelerated a glacial shift in climate, by spewing 2 800 cubic km of debris into the atmosphere, dramatically dropping the earth's surface temperature and sparking an ice age.