Ocean noise torments sea mammals
2011-12-07 17:48
Bergen - With the constant churn of freighter propellers, the percussive thump of oil and gas exploration and the underwater din of military testing, ocean noise levels have become unbearable for some sea mammals.
Contrary to the image of a distant and silent world under the sea, underwater sound intensity has on average soared 20 decibels over the past 50 years, with devastating consequences for wildlife.
"Sound is what cetaceans [large aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins] communicate with. This is how they perceive their environment. For them, hearing is as important as vision is for us," said Mark Simmonds, the international director of science at the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS).
"If there is too much noise, they probably can't communicate that well," he said on the sidelines of an international conference on migratory species in Bergen, on Norway's south-western coast.
A harmful effect of this acoustic "fog" is that it impairs the ability of cetaceans, which in good conditions can communicate over a distance of dozens of kilometres, to orient themselves, find food and reproduce.
New habitat
Basic small boat traffic travelling at slow speeds through shallow waters can be enough to cut the reach of sounds from a bottlenose dolphin, for instance, by 26%, and in the case of pilot whales by 58%, according to a recent study.
Nicolas Entrup, who works with the non-governmental organisations Ocean Care and the Natural Resources Defence Council, said the ocean is in the process of becoming for sea mammals what night clubs are for humans: "You might cope with it for a while but you can't live there."
"Imagine a situation where you can't communicate with your family, where you have to scream constantly," he said.
Oceans are vast, and animals that are bothered by rising noise levels can of course move on, but it can be challenging to find and adapt to a whole new habitat.
The problem is especially dire in the Arctic, where, as the polar ice cap melts, humans are leaving an ever bigger sound footprint as they stake out new shipping routes and look for oil and gas.
"Narwals for example have a narrowly defined habitat," said Simmonds. "They are very adapted to that cold environment. If it gets too noisy, where will they go?"
The same problem applies to the highly sound-sensitive beluga, or white whale, that migrates to Canada's northern shores.
Fatal
These mammals, which are capable of detecting ships 30km away, will struggle to maintain their migration route through the narrow straits circling Baffin Island as shipping in the area risks increasing sharply to accommodate a new large-scale mining project.
"We simply don't know how certain species will adapt or even if they will adapt at all," Simmonds said.
In some cases, human-produced commotion is fatal.
The use of anti-submarine sonar is for instance suspected of causing the mass-beaching of whales: In 2002, for instance, some 15 beaked whales perished in the Canaries after a Nato exercise.
"Since we're talking about military matters, there is no transparent information available and we know very little of the real scope of the problem," Entrup said.
Other threats include seismic exploration for oil and gas, which involves the use of air canons to induce tremors in the seabed aimed at detecting the potential riches hidden below.
One such project carried out a few years ago off the north-eastern shores of the US literally silenced the fin whales - an endangered species - in an area about the size of Alaska, blocking their ability to communicate for the duration of the operation.
Noise levels
Danger can also emerge from more "environmentally friendly" projects, like the building of vast offshore wind farms consisting of ever larger turbines.
A common technique consists of penetrating the seabed with a hydraulic hammer to plant a monopod anchoring the modern-day windmills to the ocean floor.
This so-called pile driving can emit noise levels up to 250 decibels, which is a deadly dose for nearby marine mammals, though experts say it's easy to diminish the threat by creating a curtain of air bubbles surrounding the drill site.
But on top of pile driving, ship traffic linked to maintenance, cable laying and the expansion of port infrastructure are also shrinking sea mammals' habitats.
"The picture is bleak, but now we have the knowledge and the methodology to remedy some of the problems," said Michel Andre, a French researcher at the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics at Barcelona University who is co-ordinating a project to map seabed sound levels.
"It is for instance fairly easy to reduce the sounds made by boats," he said. "Just look at the military, they already know how to do that."
Europe has been a pioneer in this area, according to Andre, pointing to the European Commission's financing of Ships-Oriented Innovative Solutions to Reduce Noise and Vibrations, or Silenv.
The project, which counts 14 partner nations, aims to create an "acoustic green label" for ships.
The EU is also working on a directive to reduce noise levels in its waters, and hopes to inspire others to follow.
- SAPA