Sign-language chimp dies
2007-11-01 14:12
Spokane, Washington - Washoe, a female chimpanzee believed to be the first non-human to acquire human language, has died of natural causes at the Washington state research institute where she was kept.
Washoe, who first learned a bit of American Sign Language in a research project in Nevada, had been living on Central Washington University's Ellensburg campus since 1980. She had a vocabulary of about 250 words, although critics questioned whether she was actually using language.
She died on Tuesday night, according to Roger and Deborah Fouts, co-founders of The Chimpanzee and Human Communications Institute on the campus. She was born in Africa about 1965.
She was taken to the veterinary hospital at Washington State University in eastern Washington on Wednesday for a necropsy. Her memorial will be on November 12.
"Washoe was an emissary, bringing us a message of respect for nature," Dr Mary Lee Jensvold, assistant director of the non-profit institute, said on Wednesday.
Washoe also taught sign language to three younger chimps who remain at the institute, Central Washington spokesperson Becky Watson said. They are Tatu, 31, Loulis, 29, and Dar, 31.
Washoe was the only chimpanzee at the institute born in Africa and was the matriarch of the chimpanzee family. She was named for Washoe County, Nevada, where she lived with Drs Allen and Beatrix Gardner of the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1966 to 1970.
Adding new dimensions
Primate researcher Jane Goodall, in Roger Fouts' book Next of Kin, noted the importance of the work with Washoe.
"Roger, through his ongoing conversations with Washoe and her extended family, has opened a window into the cognitive workings of a chimpanzee's mind that adds new dimension to our understanding," Goodall was quoted as saying.
In 1967, the Gardners established Project Washoe to teach the chimp ASL. Previous attempts to teach chimpanzees to imitate vocal languages had failed. Roger Fouts was a graduate student of the Gardners.
For Washoe to be considered "reliable" on a sign, it had to be seen by three different observers in three separate instances. Then it had to be seen 15 days in a row to be added to her sign list.
But claims about Washoe's language skills were disputed by scientists who believed that language is unique to humans. Among those who doubted that chimps could use language were linguist Noam Chomsky and Harvard scientist Steven Pinker.
Chomsky contended that the neural requirements for language developed in humans after the evolutionary split between humans and other primates. Pinker contended that primates simply learn to perform certain acts in order to receive rewards, and do not acquire true language.
The Gardners said they tried to make Washoe's environment as similar as possible to what a human infant with deaf parents would experience. Researchers communicated with Washoe by sign language, minimising the use of spoken words.
- AP