Space shuttle's days numbered
2005-07-10 21:04
Cape Canaveral, Florida - The costly US space shuttle has long been Nasa's pride, but the aging fleet is now slated for retirement in 2010 after construction of the International Space Station (ISS) has been completed.
Developed in the 1970s, following Nasa's glory days of Moon missions, the shuttle is the US government's only manned launch vehicle currently in service and the first designed for partial reusability.
When it heads to the museum after three decades of service, it should be replaced by the Crew Exploration Vehicle, a craft yet to be designed that will take astronauts back to the Moon in 2020 in a prelude to missions in the further reaches of outer space.
The shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), first roared into orbit on April 12, 1981.
Astronaut status
Since then, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour flew 113 space missions that enabled 600 men and women to gain astronaut status.
The five orbital crafts carried more than 1 360 tons of freight into space, including the Hubble Space Telescope and elements for the construction and servicing of the ISS.
But not all the missions were successful. Challenger exploded on take-off January 28, 1986, and Columbia was destroyed as it burst into flames upon re-entry into the atmosphere on February 1, 2003. A total of 14 astronauts were killed.
The upcoming Discovery launch will be the first since the fleet was grounded following the Columbia disaster.
The shuttle, which has more than two million components, is a highly complex and fragile piece of engineering, and one which critics say is far too costly.
Centrepiece
Its centrepiece is the plane-like reusable orbiter that can hold eight astronauts.
It takes off vertically, attached to a large external fuel tank, to which a pair of reusable solid-fuel booster rockets are affixed.
The shuttle's three main engines ignite six seconds before liftoff, and together with the solid rocket boosters, they provide the thrust to lift the orbiter off the ground for the initial ascent.
About two minutes after liftoff, when the shuttle reaches an altitude of about 45 kilometres, the two rocket boosters burn out and jettison into the ocean, where Nasa vessels recover them.
External tank
The shuttle takes eight minutes and 40 seconds to reach orbit, at which stage the main engines shut off and the external tank separates, mostly disintegrating in the atmosphere.
About 35 minutes later, the two orbital manoeuvring systems' engines are used for about three minutes to place the shuttle into final orbit.
Upon completion of the mission and re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, the orbiter glides to its landing, as it has no means of propulsion at that stage.